Singular or Plural?

REGURAL PLURALS
The plural of most nouns is made by just adding -s to the singular. But there are some special cases./Liczbe mnoga dla wiekszosci rzeczownikow tworzymy poprzez odane koncówki -s. Aczkolwiek, jest pare wyjatków.
1. Plural of nouns ending in consonant +y
/liczba mnoga rzeczownikow konczacych sie na spolgloske+y
If the singular ends in consonant +y (e.g. -by, -dy, -ry, -ty) the plural is normally made by changing -y to -i and adding -es. /Jezeli rzeczownik w liczbie pojedynczej konczy sie na spolgloske+y np: -by, -dy, -r, -ty liczba mnoga zazwyczaj tworzona jest poprzez zastapienie -y sammogloska -i oraz dodanie koncowki -es.
singular......................... plural
....consonant+y.......consonant+ies
baby.......................>babies
lady........................> ladies
ferry.......................>ferries
party......................>parties
If the singular ends with a vowel+y (e.g. day, boy, guy, donkey), the plural is made by adding -s (days, boys, guys, donkeys). / Kiedy liczba pojedyncza konczy sie na samogloske+y np: day, boy, guy, donkey, liczba mnoga tworzona jest poprzez dodanie -s.
Proper names ending in consonant+y usually have plurals in -ys. /Nazwy wlasne konczace sie spolgloska+y zazwyczaj posiadaja koncowke -ys w liczbii mnogiej.
Do you know the Kennedys?
I hate Februarys.
2. Plural of nouns ending in -sh, -ch, -s, -x, or -z
/liczba mnoga rzeczownikow konczacych sie na -sh, -ch, -s, -z, -x.
If the singular ends in -sh, -ch, -s, -x or -z, the plural is made by adding -es./ Jezeli liczba pojedyncza konczy sie na -sh, -ch, -s, -x, -z, liczbe mnoga tworzymy poprzez dodanie -es.
Singular..............................Plural
...-ch/-sh/-s/-x/-z.........>-ches/-shes/-ses/-xes/-zes.
church.................................>churches
cash.....................................>crashes
bus......................................>buses
box......................................>boxes
buzz....................................>buzzes
Nouns ending in a sngle -z have plurals in -zzes: quiz/quizes, fez/fezzes./ rzeczowniki konczace sie pojedynczym -z maja koncowke liczby mnogiej wpostaci -zzes np: quiz>quizzes, fez>fezzes
3. Plural of nouns ending in -o
/liczbamnoga rzeczownikow zakonczonych na -o
Some nouns ending in -o have purals in -es. The most common are:/Niektore rzeczowniki konczace sie na -o maja liczbenoga w postaci koncowki -es. Najpopularniejsze sa:
Singular...............Plural
echo....................>echoes
hero....................>heroes
negro..................>negroes
potato................>potatoes
tomato...............>tomatoes
Nouns ending in vowel+o have plurals in -s (e.g. radios, zoos). So do the following, and most new words ending in -o that come into the language.
Singular..............Plural
commando.........>commandos
concerto.............>concertos
Eskimo...............>Eskimos
kilo......................>kilos
logo.....................>logos
photo..................>photos
piano..................>pianos
solo.....................>solos
soprano..............>sopranos
The following words can have plurals in -s or -es; -es is more common.
Singular..............Plural
buffalo...............>buffaloes/buffalos
mosquito..........>mosquitoes/mosquitos
tornado............>tornadoes/tornados
volcano............>volcanoes/volcanos
IRREGULAR AND SPECIAL PLURALS
4. Irregular plurals in -ves
The following nouns ending in -f, -fe have plurals in -ves
Singular....................Plural
calf..........................>calves
elf ...........................>elves
half..........................>halves
knife........................>knives
leaf ..........................>leaves
life ...........................>lives
loaf..........................>loaves
self ..........................>selves
sheaf.......................>sheaves
shelf .......................>shelves
thies........................>thieves
wife.........................>wives
wolf .......................>wolves
Dwarf, hoof, scarf, wharf, can have plurals in either -fs or -ves
Hooves, scarves, wharves are more common than plurals in -fs.
Other words ending in -f, -fe are regular.