* A Grammatical word (or empty word, or function word) has little or no identifiable meaning but has one or more grammatical functions. It can not be defined, and looking for an equivalent in another language if often pointless. English e.g. of, the, and, have who, if (some are borderline e.g. in, with, we, this, for)
Grammatical word (morphosyntactic word_ is a word that plays a distinct grammatical role within an utterance. Distinct grammatical words can belong to a single lexeme. Example The grammatical words dance and dances both belong to the same lexeme dance.
Grammatical words are different forms of a single word that occur depending on the syntactic context. This is why chair and chairs that are tokens of the same word must be treated as two different grammatical words as the first occurs in context appropriate for singular noun and the second in context appropriate for plural noun.
Words like e.g. and, into, lovely, with, for have one form only but despite this they are treated as grammatical words.
Grammatical word:
- is distinguished from larger units such as phrase and clause and also smaller units like e.g. morpheme.
- Is identified by criteria drawn from grammar.
[ From a category of Function words we can distinguish Grammatical words for they are borderline, they have grammatical function but also some identifiable meaning]
*A Phonological word is a piece of speech which behaves as a unit of pronunciation according to criteria which vary from language to language. In English the most useful criterion is that a phonological word contains only the main stress.
[The rest] [of the books'll] [have to] [go] [here]
The main stress is falling on the segments in brackets, therefore this sentence contains 5 phonological words.
Phonological word- a word, string of sounds that behaves as a unit of certain phonological processes, including stress assignment and accent.
In English every phonological word has a main stress and elements that are written as separate words but do not have their own stress are not phonological words in English.
E.g. the hot dogs ran for the lake. The sentence has 7 words but only 4 word stresses. There is no stress on the or for . Prepositions like for sometimes have stress, but as often as not are also included in the stress domain of the following word. Therefore it can be said that the string for the lake is a single phonological word.
Items like the, for that are phonologically dependent on adjacent words are called clitics. They can not usually stand alone phonologically.
Phonological word:
- is distinguished from the phoneme and the syllable as smaller units and also from larger units which might be set up as domains of international features.
- is a word established ultimately by phonological criteria.
